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==Introduction==
We're starting to see a rash of password guessing attacks via [[SSH]] on exposed [[BSD]] servers which are running the SSH [[daemon]]. These login attempts are coming from multiple addresses, which makes some people suspect that they're being carried out by a network of "bots" rather than a single attacker.

==Limiting SSH login sessions==
In your [[sshd_config]] file the following settings can also help slow down such attacks.

* LoginGraceTime
::The server disconnects after this time if the user has not successfully logged in.  If the value is 0, there is no time limit. The default is 120 seconds.

* MaxStartups
::Specifies the maximum number of concurrent unauthenticated connections to the sshd daemon.  Additional connections will be dropped until authentication succeeds or the LoginGraceTime expires for a connection.  The default is 10. Alternatively, random early drop can be enabled by specifying the three colon separated values "start:rate:full" (e.g.,"10:30:60").  sshd will refuse connection attempts with a probability of "rate/100" (30%) if there are currently "start" (10) unauthenticated connections.  The probability increases linearly and all connection attempts are refused if the number of unauthenticated connections reaches "full" (60).

==Firewall repeated illegal or failed SSH logins attempts==
To firewall failed login attempts, a simple script that will scan the log file for illegal or failed attempts and firewall repeated IP's will do the trick. It will slow down and stop a brute force dictionary login attack.

Using the examples below you can create a file called sshd-fwscan.sh, then use [[cron]] to run the file every ''x'' minutes and it will automatically firewall the IP once it detects 5 or more failed login attempts.

===/etc/syslog.conf===
You need an ''auth.*'' line in your [[syslog.conf]] file in order to log all authentications.
 auth.*                                          /var/log/auth.log

===Using IPFW===
====sshd-fwscan.sh====

 #!/bin/sh
 if ipfw show | awk '{print $1}' | grep -q 20000 ; then
         ipfw delete 20000
 fi
 # This catches repeated attempts for both legal and illegal users
 # No check for duplicate entries is performed, since the rule
 # has been deleted.
 awk '/sshd/ && (/Invalid user/ || /authentication error/) {try[$(NF)]++}
 END {for (h in try) if (try[h] > 5) print h}' /var/log/auth.log |
 while read ip
 do
         ipfw -q add 20000 deny tcp from $ip to any in
 done

'''Note:''' To make sure IP's expire we delete and add rule ''20000'' of the firewall each time, thus if the IP's are no longer ''duplicates'' in the auth.log they are no longer firewalled.

===Using IPF===
====sshd-fwscan.sh====

 #!/bin/sh
 IFS='
 '
 for rules in `ipfstat -i | grep "group 20000"` ; do
        echo "$rules" | ipf -r -f -
 done
 for ips in `cat /var/log/auth.log | grep sshd | grep "Illegal" | awk '{print $10}' | uniq -d` ; do
        echo "block in quick from $ips to any group 20000" | ipf -f -
 done
 cat /var/log/auth.log | grep sshd | grep "Failed" | rev  | cut -d\  -f 4 | rev | sort | uniq -c | \
 ( while read num ips; do
    if [ $num -gt 5 ]; then
         if ! ipfstat -i | grep $ips ; then
                echo "block in quick from $ips to any group 20000" | ipf -f -
        fi
     fi
  done
 )


 '''Note:''' 
 To make sure IP's expire we delete and add group ''20000'' of the firewall each time, 
 thus if the IP's are no longer ''duplicates'' in the auth.log they are no longer firewalled. 
 You will need to add a rule like "block in on rl0 from any to any head 20000" to your ipf rule 
 set (BEFORE your actual blocking group of rules) for this to work.

===Using PF===
====sshd-fwscan.sh====

 #!/bin/sh
 /sbin/pfctl -t ssh-violations -T flush
 for ips in `cat /var/log/auth.log | grep sshd | grep -i "illegal" | awk '{print $10}' | uniq -d` ; do
        /sbin/pfctl -t ssh-violations -T add $ips 
 done
 cat /var/log/auth.log | grep sshd | grep -i "failed" | rev  | cut -d\  -f 4 | rev | sort | uniq -c | \
 ( while read num ips; do
     if [ $num -gt 5 ]; then
          if ! /sbin/pfctl -s rules | grep -q $ips ; then
                 /sbin/pfctl -t ssh-violations -T add $ips 
         fi
     fi
   done
 )

'''Note:''' To make sure IP's expire we delete and add a table called ''ssh-violations'', thus if the IP's are no longer ''duplicates'' in the auth.log they are no longer firewalled.

====/etc/pf.conf====
 table <ssh-violations> persist file "/etc/ssh-violations"
 ...
 block drop in from <ssh-violations> to any

 '''Note:''' 
 When using the [[OpenBSD]] [[Packet Filter]] (PF) you must also edit your <code>pf.conf</code>
 file to add the above table and rule.

 '''Important:''' 
 If this rule is added before a "pass in" rule for port 22, use the "quick" option to ensure that
 [[OpenBSD]] [[Packet Filter]] (PF) drops the packet immediately, without further inspection of the
 ruleset. See the <code>man 5 pf.conf</code> for details.

===Copyrights===
sshd-fwscan.sh
 # Copyright (c) 2004,2005 RPTN.Net,
 # Copyright (c) 2005 DaveG.ca, 
 # Copyright (c) 2006 Bob (kba at ats32.ru)
 # You may use this code under the GPL, version 2 or newer.
 # Updates for IPF by Sasha.by

===Automatically firewall IP's===

====/etc/crontab====
In order to have the script run every 10 minutes and firewall offenders you can use something like this in your [[crontab]] file:
 */10    *       *       *       *       root    /operator/sshd-fwscan.sh

'''Note:''' Some users might prefer a [[tail]]ing method rather then a scanning/searching method, but all we really want is to slow down such attacks to reduce their chances of cracking a user account and not waste our resources. The odds that a password gets cracked under 10 minutes should be rare. (The longer the password is, mixed with letters numbers and symbols, the longer it takes to crack.)

==External links==
* [http://danger.rulez.sk/projects/bruteforceblocker/ BruteForceBlocker] is a script, that works along with pf - OpenBSD's firewall.
* [http://denyhosts.sourceforge.net/ DenyHosts] a similar tool (available in security/denyhosts in ports)
* [http://fail2ban.sourceforge.net/ fail2ban] a similar tool
* [http://www.aczoom.com/cms/blockhosts/ blockhosts] a similar tool
* [http://blinkeye.ch/mediawiki/index.php/SSH_Blocking blacklist] a similar tool
* [http://sshguard.sourceforge.net sshguard] similar tool

[[Category:Securing FreeBSD]]